[Book] PERFORM-3D Theory and Tutorials — Table of Contents [English Version]
Section I: Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Introduction of PERFORM-3D
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 18
1.2 Software Interface ………………………………………………………………… 18
1.3 Modeling Phase ……………………………………………………………………. 19
1.3.1 Overall Information for Structure ……………………………………….. 20
1.3.2 Nodes …………………………………………………………………………… 20
1.3.3 Component Properties ………………………………………………………21
1.3.4 Elements ………………………………………………………………………..23
1.3.5 Add or Delete Frames ………………………………………………………. 24
1.3.6 Load Patterns …………………………………………………………………. 25
1.3.7 Import/Export Structure Data ……………………………………………. 25
1.3.8 Drifts and Deflections ………………………………………………………. 26
1.3.9 Structure Sections …………………………………………………………. 27
1.3.10 Limit States ………………………………………………………………… 28
1.3.11 Inactive Elements ………………………………………………………… 28
1.4 Analysis Phase ……………………………………………………………………. 28
1.4.1 Load Cases …………………………………………………………………… 29
1.4.2 Run analysis …………………………………………………………………. 30
1.4.3 Modal Analysis Results …………………………………………………… 30
1.4.4 Energy Balance …………………………………………………………….. 31
1.4.5 Limit State Groups ………………………………………………………… 32
1.4.6 Deflected Shapes …………………………………………………………… 32
1.4.7 Time Histories ………………………………………………………………. 32
1.4.8 Hysteresis Loops ……………………………………………………………. 33
1.4.9 Moment and Shear diagrams ……………………………………………. 33
1.4.10 General Push-over Plot …………………………………………………. 33
1.4.11 Target Displacement Method ………………………………………….. 33
1.4.12 Usage Ratio Graphs ……………………………………………………… 34
1.4.13 Combinations and Envelopes …………………………………………. 34
1.5 Summary ………………………………………………………………………….. 34
1.6 References …………………………………………………………………………. 34
Chapter 2 Quick Start Example: Elastic Analysis of Planar Steel Frames
2.1 Introduction of Example……………………………………………………………… 35
2.2 Modelling…………………………………………………………………………………. 36
2.2.1 Start PERFORM-3D……………………………………………………………… 36
2.2.2 Overall information ……………………………………………………….. 36
2.2.3 Nodes ………………………………………………………………………….. 37
2.2.4 Component Properties ……………………………………………………. 41
2.2.5 Elements ……………………………………………………………………… 43
2.2.6 Load Patterns ……………………………………………………………….. 46
2.2.7 Drifts and Deflections …………………………………………………….. 47
2.2.8 Structural Sections ………………………………………………………… 48
2.2.9 Limit States …………………………………………………………………. 50
2.3 Modal Analysis …………………………………………………………………… 50
2.4 Static Analysis ……………………………………………………………………. 52
2.4.1 Build Load Case…………………………………………………………………… 52
2.4.2 Build Analysis Sequence …………………………………………………. 53
2.4.3 View Analysis Result ……………………………………………………… 54
2.5 Dynamic Time-history Analysis ……………………………………………… 58
2.5.1 Define Load Case…………………………………………………………………. 58
2.5.2 Build Analysis Sequence …………………………………………………. 60
2.5.3 View Analysis Result ……………………………………………………… 61
2.6 Response Spectra Analysis ……………………………………………………. 62
2.6.1 Define Load Case…………………………………………………………………. 62
2.6.2 Build Analysis Sequence …………………………………………………. 65
2.6.3 View Analysis Result ……………………………………………………… 65
2.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………. 66
2.8 References …………………………………………………………………………. 66
Section II: Theory and Examples
Chapter 3 Uniaxial Constitutive Relationship of Steel and Concrete Material
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 69
3.2 Uniaxial Constitutive Relation of Steel ……………………………………. 69
3.2.1 Bilinear Elasto-plastic Model………………………………………………….. 69
3.2.2 Mengegotto & Pinto Model……………………………………………………. 69
3.3 Uniaxial Constitutive Relation of Concrete ………………………………. 71
3.3.1 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Relation……………………………………………….. 71
3.3.2 Uniaxial Constitution of Concrete under Cyclic Loading……………… 83
3.4 Skeleton Curves and Hysteretic Loops in PERFORM-3D …………….. 86
3.4.1 Skeleton Curves ……………………………………………………………. 86
3.4.2 Hysteretic Loops ……………………………………………………………. 87
3.5 Uniaxial Constitutive Relation of Steel and Concrete Material in PERFORM-3D 91
3.5.1 Steel Material in PERFORM-3D ……………………………………….. 91
3.5.2 Concrete Material in PERFORM-3D ………………………………….. 92
3.6 Summary ………………………………………………………………………….. 94
3.7 References …………………………………………………………………………. 96
Chapter 4 Plastic Hinge Model
4.1 Plastic Hinge Model of Beam and Column ……………………………….. 96
4.2 Moment Plastic Hinge (M Hinge)…………………………………………….. 96
4.2.1 Angle Plastic Hinge………………………………………………………………. 96
4.2.2 Curvature Plastic Hinge ……………………………………………………….. 97
4.2.3 Rigid-Plastic Hinge Definition……………………………………………….. 97
4.2.4 Example of M Hinge Parameter Definition……………………………… 98
4.3 Moment-Axial Hinge (PMM Hinge) ……………………………………… 107
4.3.1 Examples for PMM Hinge Parameter Definition ……………………….. 108
4.4 Plastic Hinge Model Examples…………………………………………………….. 117
4.4.1 Examples Introduction ………………………………………………….. 117
4.4.2 Model Phase ……………………………………………………………….. 118
4.4.3 Analysis Phase …………………………………………………………….. 123
4.4.4 Analysis Result…………………………………………………………………… 125
4.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 127
4.6 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 127
Chapter 5 Fibre Section Model
5.1 Fibre Section Model of Beam and Column ……………………………… 129
5.2 Fibre Section Model of Beam and Column in PERFORM-3D …….. 129
5.2.1 Examples Introduction ………………………………………………….. 129
5.2.2 Examples Introduction ………………………………………………….. 129
5.3 Examples for Fibre Section Model of beam and Column ……………. 130
5.3.1 Examples Introduction ………………………………………………….. 130
5.3.2 Model Phase………………………………………………………………………. 131
5.3.3 Analysis Phase……………………………………………………………………. 138
5.3.4 Analysis Result…………………………………………………………………… 139
5.4 Shear Strength Section……………………………………………………………… 140
5.4.1 Concept Introduction ……………………………………………………. 140
5.4.2 Examples for Shear Strength Section Applicaiton……………………… 142
5.5 Axial Elongation Effect of Fibre element of Beam and Column…………. 145
5.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 147
5.7 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 148
Chapter 6 Shear Wall Simulation
6.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 149
6.2 Multi Vertical Linear Element Model (MVLEM) Theory………… 149
6.2.1 Research Background of MVLEM …………………………………… 149
6.2.2 Fundamental form of MVLEM ……………………………………….. 151
6.3 Introduction of Shear Wall Macroscopic Element in PERFORM-3D…… 152
6.4 Examples for Numerical Simulation of Shear Wall Model ………….. 154
6.4.1 Experiment Introduction ……………………………………………….. 154
6.4.2 Model Phase………………………………………………………………………. 156
6.4.3 Analysis Phase……………………………………………………………………. 164
6.4.4 Push-over Analysis ………………………………………………………. 166
6.4.5 Low Cyclic Load Simulation ………………………………………….. 167
6.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 168
6.6 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 168
Chapter 7 Infilled Wall Simulation
7.1 Principle Analysis…………………………………………………………………….. 170
7.1.1 Failure Mechanism of Infilled Wall ………………………………….. 170
7.1.2 Analysis Model of Infilled Wall ………………………………………. 170
7.1.3 Parameter Definition of Diagonal Strut model………………………….. 171
7.1.4 Simulation method of Infilled Wall in PERFORM-3D………………… 175
7.2 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 175
7.3 Model Phase……………………………………………………………………………. 176
7.3.1 Definition of material of Equivalent Strut …………………………. 177
7.3.2 Definition of Concrete Strut Component…………………………………. 179
7.3.3 Definition of Composite Component ……………………………….. 180
7.3.4 Definition of Load Pattern …………………………………………….. 180
7.3.5 Definition of Drifts ………………………………………………………. 181
7.3.6 Definition of Structure sections ………………………………………. 181
7.3.7 Definition of Limit State ……………………………………………….. 181
7.4 Analysis Phase…………………………………………………………………………. 182
7.4.1 Definition of Gravity Load Case ……………………………………… 182
7.4.2 Definition of Dynamic Force Load Case …………………………… 182
7.4.3 Definition of Analysis Series ………………………………………….. 183
7.5 Analysis Result …………………………………………………………………. 183
7.5.1 Comparison between Frame Structure Calculation Result and Experiment Result. 183
7.5.2 Comparison between Infilled Frame Structure Calculation Result
and Experiment Result …………………………………………………. 184
7.5.3 Comparison of Hysteretic Behaviour of Frame Structure and
Infilled Frame Structure ……………………………………………….. 184
7.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 185
7.7 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 185
Chapter 8 Viscous Damper
8.1 Principle Analysis…………………………………………………………………….. 187
8.1.1 Energy Dissipation Mechanism of Viscous Damper …………….. 187
8.1.2 Simulation of Viscous Damper in PERFORM-3D……………………… 190
8.2 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 192
8.3 Model Phase……………………………………………………………………………. 192
8.3.1 Operate on Nodes……………………………………………………………….. 192
8.3.2 Definition of Components……………………………………………………. 193
8.3.3 Building elements………………………………………………………………. 196
8.3.4 Definition of Drift Angle ……………………………………………….. 197
8.3.5 Definition of Structure Section……………………………………………… 197
8.4 Analysis Phase ………………………………………………………………….. 198
8.4.1 Definition of seismic case ……………………………………………… 198
8.4.2 Building analysis sequence …………………………………………….. 199
8.5 Analysis Results ………………………………………………………………… 200
8.5.1 Simulation Analysis Results………………………………………………….. 200
8.5.2 Dynamic Time History Analysis Results………………………………….. 201
8.5.3 Analysis Results Comparison between Dampers and Without Dampers………. 204
8.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 204
8.7 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 205
Chapter 9 Buckling Restrained Brace
9.1 Principle Analysis…………………………………………………………………….. 206
9.1.1 Stability of Compression Bar and Mechanics Performance of Normal Brace… 206
9.1.2 Mechanics Performance and Components of Buckling Restrained Brace 207
9.1.3 Simulation of BRB in PERFORM-3D……………………………………… 208
9.2 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 211
9.3 Model Phase……………………………………………………………………………. 213
9.3.1 Operate on Nodes……………………………………………………………….. 213
9.3.2 Definition of Materials…………………………………………………………. 214
9.3.3 Definition of Structure Section ………………………………………. 215
9.3.4 Definition of BRB Component ……………………………………….. 216
9.3.5 Definition of Elastic Bar………………………………………………………. 219
9.3.6 Definition of End Rigid Zone………………………………………………… 219
9.3.7 Definition of Large Rigidity Spring………………………………………… 220
9.3.8 Definition of Composite Components…………………………………….. 220
9.3.9 Building Elements ……………………………………………………….. 222
9.3.10 Definition of Load type………………………………………………………. 222
9.3.11 Definition of Drift Angle ……………………………………………… 222
9.3.12 Definition of Structure Section……………………………………………. 223
9.4 Analysis Phase…………………………………………………………………………. 223
9.4.1 Definition of Gravity Load Case…………………………………………….. 223
9.4.2 Definition of Dynamic Load Case ……………………………………. 224
9.4.3 Building analysis sequence …………………………………………….. 224
9.5 Analysis Results………………………………………………………………………. 225
9.5.1 Top Displacement Time History…………………………………………….. 225
9.5.2 Base Shear Time History ……………………………………………….. 225
9.5.3 Top Displacement- Base Shear Time History ……………………… 226
9.5.4 BRB Responses …………………………………………………………… 226
9.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 227
9.7 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 228
Chapter 10 Seismic Isolator Friction Pendulum
10.1 Principle Analysis…………………………………………………………………… 229
10.1.1 Basic composition of Seismic Isolator Friction Pendulum …… 229
10.1.2 Mechanics Performance of Seismic Isolator Friction Pendulum … 229
10.1.3 Seismic Isolator Friction Pendulum in PERFORM-3D………………. 230
10.2 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………… 233
10.3 Model Phase………………………………………………………………………….. 235
10.3.1 Operate on Nodes……………………………………………………………… 235
10.3.2 Definition of Components ……………………………………………. 237
10.3.3 Building Elements…………………………………………………………….. 240
10.3.4 Definition of Load case………………………………………………………. 241
10.3.5 Definition of Story Drift Angle…………………………………………….. 242
10.3.6 Definition of Structure Section……………………………………………. 242
10.4 Analysis Phase……………………………………………………………………….. 243
10.4.1 Definition of Gravity Load Case…………………………………………… 243
10.4.2 Definition of Seismic Time History Case …………………………. 243
10.4.3 Building analysis sequence …………………………………………… 244
10.5 Analysis Results……………………………………………………………………… 245
10.5.1 Simulation model Analysis Results……………………………………….. 245
10.5.2 Displacement Time History ………………………………………….. 246
10.5.3 Hysteretic Curve ………………………………………………………… 246
10.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 248
10.7 References ……………………………………………………………………… 248
Chapter 11 Rubber Isolator Pendulum
11.1 Principle Analysis……………………………………………………………………. 249
11.1.1 Introduction of Rubber Isolator Pendulum ………………………. 249
11.1.2 Mechanics Model of Rubber Isolator Pendulum ………………… 250
11.1.3 Rubber Isolator Pendulum in PERFORM-3D………………………….. 252
11.2 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………… 254
11.3 Model Phase………………………………………………………………………….. 255
11.3.1 Operate on Nodes………………………………………………………………. 255
11.3.2 Definition of Components ……………………………………………. 255
11.3.3 Building Elements…………………………………………………………….. 256
11.3.4 Definition of Load case………………………………………………………. 257
11.3.5 Definition of Story Drift Angle…………………………………………….. 257
11.3.6 Definition of Structure Section…………………………………………….. 258
11.4 Analysis Phase…………………………………………………………………………. 258
11.4.1 Definition of Gravity Load Case…………………………………………… 258
11.4.2 Definition of Seismic Time History Case …………………………. 258
11.4.3 Building analysis sequence …………………………………………… 258
11.5 Analysis Results……………………………………………………………………… 259
11.5.1 Simulation model Analysis Results……………………………………….. 259
11.5.2 Displacement Time History ………………………………………….. 260
11.5.3 Hysteretic Curve of Rubber Isolator Pendulum …………………. 261
11.5.4 Structural response of Isolator and Non-isolator structure …… 261
11.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 262
11.7 References ……………………………………………………………………… 262
Chapter 12 Gap-Hook Element
12.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 263
12.2 Gap-Hook Element in PERFORM-3D…………………………………………. 263
12.3 Examples Introduction ……………………………………………………… 263
12.4 Model Phase………………………………………………………………………….. 264
12.4.1 Gap-Hook Components ……………………………………………….. 264
12.4.2 Gap-Hook Elements ……………………………………………………. 265
12.4.3 Load Type……………………………………………………………………….. 265
12.4.4 Drift Angle………………………………………………………………………. 266
12.5 Analysis Phase……………………………………………………………………….. 266
12.5.1 Definition of Dynamic Load Case…………………………………………. 266
12.5.2 Building analysis sequence …………………………………………… 267
12.6 Analysis Results……………………………………………………………………… 268
12.7 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 270
12.8 References ……………………………………………………………………… 271
Chapter 13 Deformation Gage Element
13.1 Introduction of Deformation Gage Element ………………………….. 272
13.1.1 Axial Strain Gage Element …………………………………………… 272
13.1.2 Rotation Gage Beam Type Element ……………………………….. 272
13.1.3 Rotation Gage Wall Type Element …………………………………. 273
13.1.4 Shear Strain Gage Element …………………………………………… 273
13.2 Example 1: Application of Rotation Gage Beam Type Element …. 274
13.2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 274
13.2.2 Model Phase…………………………………………………………………….. 274
13.2.3 Analysis Phase …………………………………………………………… 279
13.2.4 Analysis Results……………………………………………………………….. 279
13.3 Example 2: Application of Rotation Gage Wall Type Element …… 280
13.3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 280
13.3.2 Model Phase…………………………………………………………………….. 280
13.3.3 Analysis Phase …………………………………………………………… 283
13.3.4 Analysis Results……………………………………………………………….. 283
13.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 284
13.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 285
Section III: Comprehension Analysis Subject
Chapter 14 Reciprocation Displacement Loading
14.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 287
14.2 Reciprocation Displacement Loading Method ………………………… 287
14.2.1 Analysis Method Based on Pushover Case……………………………… 287
14.2.2 Analysis Method Based on Dynamic Force Case ……………….. 288
14.3 Examples of Reciprocation Displacement Loading ………………….. 289
14.3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 289
14.3.2 Modelling …………………………………………………………………. 290
14.4 Analysis Result ……………………………………………………………….. 299
14.4.1 Result of Pushover Method…………………………………………………. 299
14.4.2 Result of Dynamic Force ……………………………………………… 300
14.4.3 Comparison……………………………………………………………………… 301
14.5 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 302
14.6 References ……………………………………………………………………… 302
Chapter 15 Seismic Analysis under Multi-support Excitations
15.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 303
15.2 Seismic Analysis under Multi-support Excitations ………………….. 303
15.2.1 Common Method of Seismic Analysis under Multi-support Excitations ….. 303
15.2.2 Seismic Analysis under Multi-support Excitations in PEFORM-3D …… 303
15.3 Examples of Seismic Analysis under Multi-support Excitations …. 304
15.3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 304
15.3.2 Seismic wave information ……………………………………………. 305
15.3.3 Time History Analysis Case…………………………………………………. 306
15.3.4 Modelling in SAP2000……………………………………………………….. 307
15.3.5 Modelling in PEFORM-3D………………………………………………….. 312
15.3.6 Analysis Result ………………………………………………………….. 317
15.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 320
15.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 320
Chapter 16 Theory and Example of Pushover
16.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 321
16.2 Introduction of Capacity Spectrum Method …………………………… 321
16.2.1 Building Pushover Curve……………………………………………………. 323
16.2.2 Building Capacity Spectrum Curve ………………………………… 323
16.2.3 Building Demand Spectrum Curve ………………………………… 324
16.2.4 Reduced Demand Spectrum Curve ………………………………… 324
16.2.5 Obtain Performance Point ……………………………………………. 328
16.3 Examples of Pushover Analysis…………………………………………………. 329
16.3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 329
16.3.2 Modelling Phase……………………………………………………………….. 331
16.3.3 Analysis Phase …………………………………………………………… 333
16.3.4 Post Processing of Pushover Analysis ……………………………… 336
16.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 344
16.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 344
Chapter 17 Dynamic Elasto-plastic Analysis and Seismic Performance Evaluation of the Whole Structure
17.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 345
17.2 Analysis of Response Spectrum of Minor Earthquake ……………… 346
17.2.1 Analysis Parameter……………………………………………………………. 346
17.2.2 Analysis Result…………………………………………………………………. 347
17.3 Elasto-plastic Analysis Model in PERFORM-3D……………………………. 348
17.3.1 Operations on Nodes………………………………………………………….. 348
17.3.2 Materials…………………………………………………………………………. 349
17.3.3 Frame Beam…………………………………………………………………….. 352
17.3.4 Frame Column …………………………………………………………… 353
17.3.5 Shear Wall……………………………………………………………………….. 354
17.3.6 Near-Surface Mounted Beam………………………………………………. 355
17.3.7 Attribution of Elements ………………………………………………. 356
17.3.8 Load Types………………………………………………………………………. 356
17.3.9 Frame……………………………………………………………………………… 357
17.3.10 Drift Angle ……………………………………………………………… 357
17.3.11 Structural Section……………………………………………………………. 357
17.3.12 Limit State…………………………………………………………………….. 357
17.4 Static Analysis in PERFORM-3D ………………………………………… 358
17.5 Dynamic Elasto-plastic Analysis of Severe Earthquake ……………. 359
17.5.1 Choice of Seismic Wave ………………………………………………. 359
17.5.2 Definition of Analysis Case ………………………………………….. 362
17.5.3 Building Analysis Sequence………………………………………………… 364
17.5.4 Analysis Result…………………………………………………………………. 365
17.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 374
17.7 References ……………………………………………………………………… 374
Section IV: Simulation of Dynamic Load Structural Test
Chapter 18 Simulation for Shake Table Test of a Reduced Scale Bridge Columns
18.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. 377
18.2 Model Phase …………………………………………………………………… 378
18.2.1 Operations on Nodes………………………………………………………….. 379
18.2.2 Definition of Components…………………………………………………… 379
18.2.3 Building Elements…………………………………………………………….. 383
18.2.4 Definition of Load Type ………………………………………………. 384
18.2.5 Definition of Drift Angel…………………………………………………….. 384
18.3 Analysis Phase ………………………………………………………………… 384
18.3.1 Definition of Load Case……………………………………………………… 384
18.3.2 Building Analysis Sequence …………………………………………. 385
18.4 Analysis Result ……………………………………………………………….. 386
18.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 386
Chapter 19 Simulation for Shake Table Test of a Full-Scale Bridge Column
19.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. 387
19.2 Model Phase …………………………………………………………………… 390
19.2.1 Operations on Nodes………………………………………………………….. 390
19.2.2 Definition of Components…………………………………………………… 392
19.2.3 Building Elements…………………………………………………………….. 394
19.2.4 Definition of Load Type ………………………………………………. 394
19.2.5 Definition of Drift Angel…………………………………………………….. 395
19.3 Analysis Phase ………………………………………………………………… 396
19.3.1 Definition of Gravity Case………………………………………………….. 396
19.3.2 Definition of Seismic Time History Case …………………………. 396
19.3.3 Building Analysis Sequence …………………………………………. 398
19.4 Analysis Result………………………………………………………………………. 399
19.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 401
Chapter 20 Simulation for Pseudo-Dynamic Test of a Full-Scale Frame
20.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. 402
20.2 Model Phase …………………………………………………………………… 405
20.2.1 Operations on Nodes………………………………………………………….. 406
20.2.2 Definition of Components…………………………………………………… 407
20.2.3 Building Elements…………………………………………………………….. 410
20.2.4 Definition of Load Type ………………………………………………. 410
20.2.5 Definition of Drift Angel…………………………………………………….. 413
20.3 Analysis Phase ………………………………………………………………… 413
20.3.1 Definition of Load Case……………………………………………………… 413
20.3.2 Building Analysis Sequence …………………………………………. 415
20.4 Analysis Result ……………………………………………………………….. 416
20.5 References ……………………………………………………………………… 417
Section V: Common Warnings and Mistakes
Chapter 21 Common Warnings and Mistakes in Model Phase
21.1 [Nodes] modules………………………………………………………………… 418
21.2 [Component Properties] modules ……………………………………….. 418
21.3 [Drift and Deflections] modules ………………………………………….. 418
21.4 [Limit States] modules ……………………………………………………… 419
Chapter 22 Common Warnings and Mistakes in Analysis Phase
22.1 [Set up Load Cases] modules……………………………………………… 420
22.2 [Run Analysis] modules ……………………………………………………. 420
22.3 [Hysteresis Loops] modules ………………………………………………. 421
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